"Doctor Sadness": a psychopathological view of Augusto dos Anjos / "Doutor Tristeza": uma leitura psicopatológica de Augusto dos Anjos

Augusto dos Anjos (1884 - 1914) is one of the most original Brazilian poets of the twentieth century. He does not belong to a strict literary style and his poetry is marked by the use of scientific terms, by the existential suffering and by metaphysical questions. The personality of Augusto dos Anjos is described as melancholic and tormented, and he was known as "Doctor Sadness". He also had migraine. This paper reviews the biography of Augusto dos Anjos and investigates how his poetry echoes his psychopathological traits. We analyze the relations between creative genius and mental disorders. We also discuss the relations between migraine and psychopathology.

Augusto dos Anjos (1884 ­ 1914) é uma das vozes mais singulares da poesia brasileira do século XX. Sem nítida afiliação a uma escola literária específica, seus versos são marcados pelo léxico científico, pela inquietação metafísica e pelo sofrimento existencial. Observações biográficas relatam que o poeta tinha uma personalidade melancólica e angustiada, que lhe valeu a alcunha de "Doutor Tristeza". O autor também sofria de migrânea. Este trabalho revisita a biografia e a obra de Augusto dos Anjos, analisando como sua poesia repercute seus possíveis traços psicopatológicos, e discute sobre as relações entre gênio criativo e transtorno mental, além das relações entre migrânea e psicopatologia.

La metáfora energética del ser humano y su incidencia en el auge de la neurastenia, la neurosis y la depresión / The energy metaphor for the human body and its effect on the rise of neurasthenia, neurosis and depression

Resumen El artículo tiene por objetivo realizar una historia crítica del auge de tres categorías diagnósticas: la neurastenia (fin del siglo XIX), la neurosis (primera mitad del siglo XX) y la depresión (segunda mitad del siglo XX hasta nuestros días). La hipótesis es que su amplia difusión se explicaría debido al vínculo que ellas han tenido con la metáfora energética del ser humano. Desde mediados del siglo XIX, la concepción energética se difundió por la cultura occidental, habilitando ciertas ficciones acerca de lo que somos - dimensión ontológica - y lo que podríamos llegar a ser - dimensión ética. El artículo muestra que estas patologías han codificado y tornado inteligible determinadas trayectorias vitales que no cumplían con los imperativos de tales ficciones onto-éticas.

Abstract This article aims to provide a historical critique of the rise of three diagnostic categories: neurasthenia (late nineteenth century), neurosis (first half of the twentieth century) and depression (mid-twentieth century to the present). The hypothesis is that their broad dissemination can be explained through their link to the energy metaphor for the human body. From the mid-nineteenth century on, the concept of energy spread through western culture, encouraging certain fictions about what we are - the ontological dimension - and what we could be - the ethical dimension. The article shows that these pathologies have codified and made intelligible a set of life trajectories that did not obey the imperatives of those onto-ethical fictions.

Phenolic acids isolated from the fungus Schizophyllum commune exert analgesic activity by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to search for compounds with analgesic activity from the Schizophyllum commune (SC), which is widely consumed as edible and medicinal mushroom world. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), tosilica gel column chromatography, sephadex LH 20, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) were used to isolate and purify compounds from SC. Structural analysis of the isolated compounds was based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The effects of these compounds on voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels were evaluated using patch clamp. The analgesic activity of these compounds was tested in two types of mouse pain models induced by noxious chemicals. Five phenolic acids identified from SC extracts in the present study included vanillic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, 3-hydroxy-5-methybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They inhibited the activity of both tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-r) and tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-s) NaV channels. All the compounds showed low selectivity on NaV channel subtypes. After intraperitoneal injection, three compounds of these compounds exerted analgesic activity in mice. In conclusion, phenolic acids identified in SC demonstrated analgesic activity, facilitating the mechanistic studies of SC in the treatment of neurasthenia.

The negative psychology for the public in Zhejiang province during the epidemic of human H7N9 avian influenza / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the cognition and emotional response of the public in Zhejiang province during the epidemic of human H7N9 avian influenza and provide scientific support for group psychological intervention under public health emergency.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>57 communities in 19 counties from Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Lishui district of Zhejiang province were selected as survey sites using stratified clustered sampling method from March, 2013 to April, 2014. 2 319 ordinary civilians were chosen using convenience sampling method and 390 individuals who had close contact history with H7N9 avian influenza patients, 109 family members of patients and 281 medical workers, were selected using census method. The inclusion criteria for subjects were: subjects aged over 10 years; could complete the questionnaire independently or with the help of the investigators. A total of 2 709 subjects were surveyed by avian influenza risk perception and response questionnaire, negative emotion questionnaire was also used to see their cognition and negative emotion related to the disease. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the interrelationship between public risk perception, response and negative emotions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>95.10% (2 576)of the subjects have sensed the risk of epidemic and 91.00% (2 465) of the subjects have taken preventive measures in 2 709 subjects. The positive rate for depression, neurasthenia, fear, anxiety and hypochondriasis were 36.40% (986) , 37.21% (1 008) , 79.70% (2 159) , 33.41% (905) , 27.69% (750) respectively (χ(2)=1 935.89, P<0.001) ;the P(50)(P(25)-P(75)) of the depression scores of patients' family members, medical workers and the general public were 0.50 (0.00-0.83), 0.17 (0.00-0.67), 0.17 (0.00-0.50) (H= 7.27, P=0.03) ; the neurasthenia scores were 0.20 (0.00-0.60), 0.2 (0.00-0.40), 0.00 (0.00-0.20) (H= 64.74, P<0.001) ; fear scores were 0.83 (0.33-1.17), 0.33 (0.17-0.67), 0.33 (0.17-0.83) (H=30.03, P< 0.001) ; anxiety scores were 0.17(0.00-0.50), 0.00(0.00-0.33), 0.00(0.00-0.17) (H=51.82, P<0.001). The neurasthenia, fear, anxiety scores (P(50)(P(25)-P(75))) for females among the public were 0.00(0.00-0.20), 0.50(0.17-0.83), 0.00(0.00-0.17), which were higher than those of male's (0.00(0.00-0.20), 0.33(0.00-0.67), 0.00(0.00-0.17)) (χ(2) values were 5.26, 27.52, 8.29, P<0.05); Among medical staff, the depression, neurasthenia, fear, anxiety and hypochondriasis scores for females were 0.33(0.00-0.67), 0.20(0.00-0.40), 0.50(0.17-0.83), 0.00(0.00-0.33), 0.00(0.00-0.50) respectively, which were higher than those of males'(0.00(0.00-0.50), 0.00(0.00-0.40), 0.33(0.17-0.50), 0.00(0.00-0.17), 0.00(0.00-0.00))(χ(2) values were 7.22, 7.97, 14.46, 4.93, 5.22, P<0.05); for the family members of the patients who were in poor mental conditions when doing self-assessment, their depression and neurasthenia scores were 0.50(0.08-0.96), 0.30(0.00-0.55), which were higher than those of people in good mental conditions (0.17(0.00-0.83), 0.20(0.00-0.60)) (χ(2) values were 12.95, 11.20, P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the subjects' risk perception level was positively correlated with depression, neurasthenia, fear, and hypochondriasis, with the correlation coefficients 0.07, 0.07, 0.08, 0.04, respectively (P<0.05) ; the subjects' risk response level was also positively related with depression, neurasthenia, fear, anxiety and hypochondriasis, and the correlation coefficients were 0.09, 0.09, 0.12, 0.05, 0.04, respectively (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The general public was highly concerned about the epidemic of H7N9 avian influenza and developed certain levels of negative emotions. The female, equal or over 60 years old, those with poor educational level, agricultural related occupation and poor physical and psychology health were risk factors of disease related negative emotions. The subject's risk perception and response level was positively related with depression, neurasthenia, fear and hypochondriasis.</p>

Research by Psychiatrists of Chosun Chongdokbu Hospital and Keijo Imperial University in Korea during Japanese Colonial Rule / 신경정신의학

Eighty-three of 114 original articles and abstracts of research published by neuropsychiatrists of Chosun Chongdokbu Hospital (the Japanese colonial government hospital in Korea) and Keijo (Seoul) Imperial University Hospital during the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945) in journals including Shinkeigaku-zassi (Neurologia), Seishin-shinkei-gaku zassi (Psychiatria Et Neurologia Japonica), and The Journal of Chosun (Korea) Medical Association were reviewed. Most articles were on clinical research based on descriptive and biological psychiatry while only 4 articles were on dynamic psychiatry, probably because Japanese pioneers in psychiatry had introduced German psychiatry into Japan during the 1880s. The first paper was written by Dr. Shim Ho-sub. Professor Kubo of Keijo (Seoul) Imperial University published most articles, followed by Dr. Hikari, Dr. Hattori, and Dr. Sugihara. There were more articles on symptomatic psychosis and morphine addiction, followed by general paralysis, schizophrenia, neurological diseases, narcolepsy, epilepsy, and neurasthenia. The meaningful articles even for today were comparative studies between Japanese and Koreans and articles on opioid use disorder in Korea. Authors reported a markedly lower rate of psychotic inpatients in the population of Koreans compared with Japanese. Japanese researchers argued that, because of simpleness in social life in Korea and less violence or excitement in symptoms, Korean mental patients could be cared for by family or members of the community, or be treated by shamanism rather than bringing them to a public mental hospital, and poverty also prohibited hospital care. Finding of higher ratio of schizophrenia to manic-depressive psychosis among Koreans than Japanese was discussed in relation to delayed cultural development of Korea compared to Japan. In addition, traditional customs prohibiting marriage between relatives in Korea was related to low prevalence of manic-depressive psychosis, local endemic malaria was related to low prevalence of general paresis, and poor general hygiene was related to high prevalence of epilepsy. Unclear (undifferentiated) form of psychotic symptoms including hallucination and delusion was reported in more Koreans than Japanese. Also Korean patients showed a more atypical form in diagnosis. Authors added that they had found no culture-specific mental illness in Korea. However, no Korean psychiatrists were included as author in such comparative studies. Comparative studies on constitution between Koreans and Japanese mental patients and prisoners were also unique. However, no Korean psychiatrists participated in such comparative studies. In studies on morphine addiction in Koreans, Japanese researchers argued that such studies were necessary to prevent introduction of morphine-related criminal phenomena to Japan. Meanwhile, Dr. Kubo had left a notion on adaptation problems of Japanese living in the foreign country, Korea. Nevertheless he reported nothing about psychosocial aspects of mental illness in relation to political, cultural, and economic difficulties Koreans were experiencing under the colonial rule of Japan. These general trends of studies based on German biological and descriptive psychiatry and policies of colonial government to isolate "dangerous" mental patients in hospital appeared to reflect colonial or ethnopsychiatry of those days. These policy and research trends seem to have worsened stigma attached to mental disorders. Japanese tradition of psychiatric research was discontinued by return home of Japanese scholars with the end of WWII and colonial rule.

Os paulistanos, “ianques do sul”, e a “doença moderna”, a neurastenia, nas primeiras décadas do século XX / São Paulo residents known as ?Southern Yankees? and the ?modern disease,? namely neurasthenia, in the early decades of the twentieth century

Em pouco tempo o boom do café, a imigração europeia e a atlantização de diversos setores de vida transformaram São Paulo de um pequeno povoado em uma próspera metrópole atlântica. Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, observadores descreviam a cidade, por seu progresso e atividade, como Yankee City. De que forma a neurastenia, “a mais moderna e americana das doenças”, combina com essa imagem? Após a análise de anúncios, livros científicos e de divulgação da ciência, bem como de artigos em revistas, pode-se afirmar que a neurastenia era amplamente difundida e bastante comercializável. O presente trabalho enfatiza a relação sociocultural dos paulistanos com o fenômeno da neurastenia.

In a brief period of time the coffee boom, European immigration and the “atlanticization” of various sectors of life saw São Paulo transform from a small village into a thriving Atlantic metropolis. In the early decades of the twentieth century, observers described the city as Yankee City, due to its progress and activity. To what extent does neurasthenia, namely “the most modern and American of disorders”, tally with that image? After analysis of advertisements, scientific books and texts for the dissemination of science, as well as articles in journals, it can be stated that neurasthenia was prevalent and widespread. This work emphasizes the socio-cultural familiarity of São Paulo with the phenomenon of neurasthenia.

La depresión: encrucijada entre las nuevas modalidades del ser y el dispositivo farmacéutico / Depression: crossroads between the new modalities of the being and the pharmaceutical apparatus

Siguiendo la tesis del sociólogo Alain Ehrenberg, la depresión se instaló en las sociedades occidentales como una consecuencia de las nuevas modalidades del individuo. La emancipación y la soberanía individual comenzadas en el siglo de las luces trajeron consigo nuevos malestares de la mente. La neurastenia resume la primera "epidemia" mundial que muestra las consecuencias de estas mutaciones antropológicas. La neurosis y el psicoanálisis demuestran que la depresión y otras formas de sufrimiento de las personas ordinarias son el resultado de un precio a pagar por entrar en la civilización. Para Ehrenberg, la epidemia contemporánea de depresión es el rostro de un eclipse de la culpabilidad y el conflicto interior, favoreciendo una apertura de infinitas posibilidades y la consagración personal como nuevos ideales constitutivos de la personalidad y la identidad, siendo la depresión una disfunción o insuficiencia a convertirse en uno mismo. Sin embargo, las tesis de Ehrenberg no toman en cuenta el esfuerzo realizado por la industria farmacéutica y el dispositivo comercial y de mercadeo creado para modificar las costumbres y el saber médico, facilitando así la explosión diagnóstica y autodiagnóstica de este trastorno controversial.

Based on the thesis of the sociologist Alain Ehrenberg depression settled in Western societies as a result of the consequences of the new types of individuals. The emancipation and sovereignty from the beginning of the Century of Light brought new mind ailments. Neurasthenia is the first "epidemic" as a result of these anthropological mutations. Neurosis and psychoanalysis show that depression and other ailments in ordinary people are but the result of a price to pay when entering civilization. For Ehrenberg, depression which is the contemporary epidemic is the face of an eclipse between guilt and interior conflict, favoring an openness of infinite possibilities and the personal sacredness as new ideals which make the personality and the identity, depression is a dysfunction which does not allow one to become oneself. However, Ehrenberg ́s theses do not take into account the efforts of the pharmaceutical industry or the marketing strategies created to modify costumes, nor the medical knowledge, facilitating the explosion of the diagnosis and self diagnosis of this controversial illness.

Intervenciones freudianas sobre el problema de la nerviosidad: la neurosis de angustia como crítica al paradigma neurasténico de la modernidad de George M. Beard / Intervenções freudianas sobre o problema da nervosidade: a neurose de angústia como crítica ao paradigma neurastênico da modernidade de George M. Beard / Freud's interventions into the question of nervousness: the anxiety neurosis as George Beard's critique of the neurasthenic paradigm of modernity / Les interventions freudiennes sur le problème de la nerviosité: la névrose d'angoisse comme critique du paradigme neurasthénique de la modernité de George M. Beard

El presente artículo analiza la crítica freudiana a la categoría de neurastenia, propuesta por George Beard. Primeramente, se exponen las hipótesis de Beard que asocian nerviosidad, civilización moderna y neurastenia; luego, se identifica la concepción freudiana de nerviosidad implicada en la categoría de neurosis de angustia. Al refutar los postulados de Beard, Freud no sólo hará un aporte a la psicopatología de su época, sino que otorgará un nuevo fundamento a la nerviosidad moderna.

O presente artigo analisa a crítica freudiana à categoria de neurastenia, proposta por George Beard. Primeiramente, se expõe as hipóteses de Beard que associam nervosidade, civilização moderna e neurastenia; em seguida, se identifica a concepção freudiana de nervosidade implicada na categoria da neurose de angústia. Ao refutar os postulados de Beard, Freud não só contribuirá à psicopatologia da sua época, mas também outorgará um novo fundamento à nervosidade moderna.

This article examines Freud's critique of the category of neurasthenia as proposed by George Beard. First, it presents Beard's hypotheses that associate nervousness, modern civilization and neurasthenia. It then identifies Freud's concept of nervousness as applied to the category of anxiety neurosis. In refuting Beard's postulates, Freud not only made a contribution to psychopathology of his time, but also presented a new basis for modern nervousness.

Cet article examine la critique de Freud portant sur la catégorie de la neurasthénie proposée par George Beard. Nous présentons en premier lieu les hypothèses de Beard qui associent la nervosité, la civilisation moderne et la neurasthénie. Ensuite, nous identifions la conception freudienne de la nervosité impliquée dans la catégorie de névrose d'angoisse. En réfutant les principes de Beard, Freud ne contribue non seulement à la psychopathologie de son époque, mais fournit également un nouveau fondement à la nervosité moderne.

Professor McLaren (2). His Theories of Psychiatry / 신경정신의학

Professor Dr. Charles I. McLaren (1882-1957) of the Department of Psychiatry, Severance Union School of Medicine in Seoul, Korea had introduced not only Christianity but medicine and psychiatry of his time with his own theories to Korea while he had served as a Christian missionary from Australia to Korea from 1911 to 1941. Based on his view of Christianity and knowledge of modern science and medicine, he tried to explore the etiology, symptoms, treatment and spiritual meaning of mental disorders including general paresis, dementia praecox, mania, melancholia, paranoia, neurasthnenia, hysteria, hypochondriasis, and even psychophysiological disorder. Though he accepted that mental disorders are related to disrupted functions of brain or neurons, he believed that fundamental causes of insanity is spiritual. Regarding etiology, he suggested that people's choice not to follow God's logos by their free-will and consequent disharmony with nature or human society or failure of self to adapt to reality causes mental disorders. And he explained psychotic phenomena in view of Christian spirituality. In addition, he argued "psychic" (psychological or spiritual) conflict, sensitivity and guilt feeling as a possible etiology of psycho-neurosis including neurasthenia, hysteria and hypochondria. Conflict includes not only sexual conflicts but social conflicts related to family, job, money, or guilt feeling. He also emphasized the meaning and purpose of life in relation to development of mental illness. Remarkably, he introduced idea of "spill-over" to explain how emotional problems influence autonomic dysfunction resulting in psycho- physiological symptoms. He can be recognized as a psychiatrist who integrated bio-medical descriptive psychiatry with psycho-social approach, dynamic psychotherapy and even spiritual approach as a fundamental one. Though many scientific criticism can be given to his theories of psychaitry, he is deserved to be rediscovered and recognized as a pioneer who had shown another apprach to mental disorders to present psychiatrists who are lost in confusion with so many uncertainties in regard to understanding and treating mental disorders.

Neurastenia / Neurasthenia

Apresenta a categoria médica da neurastenia, criada em solo estadunidense no fim do século XIX pelo neurologista George Beard. São apresentadas as características gerais do quadro clínico, bem como as principais hipóteses explicativas para os sintomas, e as proposições terapêuticas sugeridas nas obras do referido autor. Além disso, é discutida a recepção do diagnóstico fora dos EUA, tanto no que se refere ao seu uso na Europa quanto ao caso específico do Brasil.

The article addresses the medical category of neurasthenia, developed in the United States by neurologist George Beard at the close of the nineteenth century. Points of discussion include the principle features of the category's clinical presentation, the main hypotheses advanced to account for symptoms, and the treatment alternatives suggested in Beard's works. The article also looks at how the diagnosis was received outside the United States, both in Europe and, more specifically, in Brazil.

Psicastenia / Psychasthenia

Analisa a categoria médica da psicastenia, utilizada no fim do século XIX e início do século XX pela psiquiatria francesa. São apresentadas as características do quadro clínico bem como as principais hipóteses explicativas para os sintomas sustentadas por Pierre Janet, principal nome ligado à sistematização dessa categoria nosológica. É discutido ainda o modo como esse diagnóstico foi utilizado no Brasil, e as suas relações com o quadro da neurastenia no contexto da psiquiatria brasileira.

The article analyzes the medical category of psychasthenia, used by French psychiatry from the late nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries. It describes the clinical profile of psychasthenia and the main hypotheses meant to account for symptoms as defined and advanced by Pierre Janet, the central figure in systematization of this category. The article also looks at how this diagnosis was used in Brazil and how it related to the profile of neurasthenia within the context of Brazilian psychiatry.

A fadiga e seus transtornos: condições de possibilidade, ascensão e queda da neurastenia novecentista / Fatigue and its disturbances: conditions of possibility and the rise and fall of twentieth-century neurasthenia

Analisa alguns dos elementos sociohistóricos que configuraram condições de possibilidade para a emergência da neurastenia como categoria nosológica, na segunda metade do século XIX, bem como os aspectos que influenciaram seu declínio em meios médicos e leigos. Propõe breve apresentação dessa categoria médica e discussão mais detalhada sobre alguns debates em que ela encontra sustentação, tais como a ideia do desgaste do suprimento nervoso, os estudos e as preocupações novecentistas sobre a fadiga e a pressuposição da somatogênese da doença. Analisa, por fim, o processo de declínio da categoria ressaltando alguns elementos que alteraram seu estatuto e sua utilidade como diagnóstico.

The article first analyzes some of the social and historical components underlying the conditions of possibility that allowed neurasthenia to emerge as a nosological category in the latter half of the nineteenth century and then explores the elements that influenced its demise in medical and lay circles. It offers a brief introduction to this medical category and a more detailed discussion of some supporting debates, including the idea of nervous exhaustion, twentieth-century studies and concerns on fatigue, and the malady's presumed somatogenesis. The concluding analysis of how the category met its demise highlights elements that altered its status and its diagnostic usefulness.

Hipóteses etiológicas sobre a neurastenia na obra de George Beard e seus contemporâneos europeus / Etiological hypotheses on neurasthenia in the work of George Beard and his European contemporaries

Este artigo apresenta a neurastenia como categoria médica a partir de suas fontes primárias, partindo dos escritos do neurologista norte-americano George Beard, bem como de seus contemporâneos europeus. Abordam-se características e sintomas atribuídos a essa condição e as três principais hipóteses etiológicas a que se atribuía a doença nas fontes consultadas: a civilização americana do fim do século XIX, a diátese neuropática e a lesão funcional do sistema nervoso.

Este artículo presenta la neurastenia como una categoría médica a partir de fuentes primarias, partiendo del neurólogo norte-americano George Beard y de sus contemporáneos europeos. En el artículo se analizan características y síntomas atribuidos a esa condición y las tres hipótesis etiológicas principales a las que se atribuía la enfermedad en las fuentes consultadas: la civilización americana de finales del siglo XIX, la diátesis neuropática y la lesión funcional del sistema nervioso.

Cet article présente la neurasthénie comme catégorie médicale à partir de ses sources primaires, soit l'oeuvre du neurologiste américain George Beard et celles de ses contemporaines européens. Nous décrivons les caractéristiques et les symptômes de cette maladie, ainsi que les trois principales hypothèses attribuées à la neurasthénie dans les sources citées: la civilisation américaine à la fin du XIX siècle; la diathèse nerveuse et le concept de lésion fonctionnelle du system nerveux.

This article presents the medical category of neurasthenia and its etiological hypotheses in the medical writings of George Beard and other European writers who were his contemporaries. We present the main features and symptoms of neurasthenia and an overview of the etiological hypothesis attributed to the disease at that time, that is: the American civilization in the late 19th century, nervous diathesis and the concept of functional lesions of the nervous system.

Prevalence of clinically significant functional fatigue or weakness in specialty outpatient clinics of Pune, India.

Disorders of fatigue are important in clinical practice but inadequately studied in developing countries. Questions about their consistency and variation across cultures also require attention. The standard professional diagnostic formulations of these disorders, namely, chronic fatigue syndrome and neurasthenia, are not used widely in India, perhaps due to lack of research and poor appreciation of their clinical significance. Recognising patients with clinically significant functional fatigue or weakness often seek help from various care-givers, prevalence of this condition was studied in four specialty clinics of Sassoon Hospital, Pune. An operationally defined set of criteria was used to create a screening instrument. Trained research assistants surveyed 1,874 consecutive patients from psychiatry, medicine, dermatology, and ayurved clinics. Data were entered and analysed to compute the rates of this condition, compare them across clinics and between sexes, and to compute rates adjusted for age, sex, and the clinic attended. Overall prevalence was 5.02% with higher rates in the dermatology and ayurved clinics than in psychiatry and medicine clinics. The female preponderance (63.83%) was notable (p < 0.001). Mean age of patients with this condition was similar across clinics. Logistic regression showed female sex (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.41 to 3.40) and dermatology clinic (OR 1.70, 1.02 to 2.85) to be significant predictors of CS-FoW. Female preponderance indicates the need for studies with gender focus. Clinical and cultural epidemiological studies informing psychiatrists as well as other physicians are necessary. Need for counselling for majority of these patients calls for appropriate changes in healthcare delivery.

Change in plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceris cortisol, catecholamin levels in the elderly suffered from blood hypertension and the elderly diagnosed to be neurasthenia training the traditional relaxation method

The study carried on 143 patients at 60 to 75 years old devide into 2 groups: the research include 100 people (50 high pressure, 50 nervous depression) practise tradition relax and control group with 43 people (22 high pressure, 21 nervous depression) didn’t practise tradition relax. All subjects were test glucoza, cholessterol, triglycerid, catecholamin, cortisol. High pressure group was measured vessel pressure index. Result: Practising tradition relax reduce glucoza, cholessterol, catecholamin, serum cortisol level in elderly people with nervous depression and high pressure. Vessel, pressure after 30minutes and 8 week of practising reduce compare with before pratising. Meanwhile in control group, vessel and pressure change indignificant

Neurosis ocupacional / Occupational neurosis

Se estudian estresores laborales en pacientes que consultan al Servicio de Salud Mental del Hospital del Trabajador. Se evalúan 228 pacientes derivados a nuestro Hospital, desde el Sistema de Salud, como casos de estrés laboral, en orden a identificar estresor laboral principal, diagnóstico psiquiátrico principal y tipo de ocupación. El estudio incluyó evaluación clínica realizada por psiquiatra, psicóloga, terapeuta ocupacional y uso de cuestionarios autoaplicados. Cuando se identificaba un estresor laboral como causante directo de enfermedad, se realizaba una visita al lugar de trabajo. El resultado mostró que en el 27 por ciento de los casos el estresor principal era de origen laboral, en 23 por ciento a conflictos interpersonales, 13 por ciento a factores organizacionales y un 1 por ciento a ambiente físico. En el 36 por ciento de los casos, el estresor se relacionaba con variables del sujeto. El diagnóstico psiquiátrico más frecuente fue Desorden de Ajuste (56 por ciento), Depresión (18 por ciento), Neurastenia (6 por ciento), Desorden de Pánico (2 por ciento) y otros (2 por ciento). En el 16 por ciento de los casos no habría diagnóstico psiquiátrico. El tipo de ocupación más frecuente fue vendedores (42 por ciento), oficinistas (26 por ciento), profesionales (20 por ciento) y obreros (12 por ciento)

¿Trauma y/o teoría traumática de las neurosis? Caso Bárbara / Trauma and/or traumatic theory of neurosis? Barbara’s case

El artículo rastrea los aportes teóricos desde los orígenes del psicoanálisis hasta autores recientes, respecto del paradigma de la subjetividad. A partir de la consulta por un trastorno del sueño en una niña de tres años (resuelto en cinco entrevistas diagnósticas) y el estudio y tratamiento posterior de su hermana de cinco años, la autora se interroga sobre el modo en que se transmiten y objetivan en la mente del niño los fantasmas parentales. Tomando este peculiar caso a manera de ilustración, realiza una reseña del complejo universo de hechos, relaciones, comportamientos, fantasmas y efectos sintomáticos que se generan en la dinámica interactiva de los padres con cada una de sus dos hijas. Se propone abordar: a) una metodología del proceso diagnóstico acorde con el paradigma de la intersubjetividad; b) una descripción de algunas de la vías de pasaje del fantasma materno a la conducta sintomática de las niñas y c) una propuesta de continuidad entre el trauma y la teoría traumática de las neurosis.

The Analysis of Research Trend about Management of Low Back Pain / 재활간호학회지

The result of studying papers about management of lower back pain published in domestic and foreign nursing and medical magazines in these 10 years is as follows; 1. General characteristic of lower back pain; 1) In sex distribution, there were more men than women in 5 papers and more women than men in 4 papers among 9 papers surveryed. 2) In age distribution, thirties to forties of patients had more lower back pain as surveyed by general hospitals and fifties to sixties of patients had more lower back pain as surveyed by oriental medical hospitals. 3) In cause factor, there were 50 to 65% of sprain, 32 to 44% of herniated intervertebral disc and 13 to 29% of degenerative changes. 4) In symtom distribution, there were 26 to 57% of lower back pain, 42 to 65% of lower back pain with radiating pain and 34 to 99% of paravertevral muscle spasm. 5) In period of pain management distribution, 18 to 40% of patients experienced pain for Jess than 6 months and 59 to 82% of them experienced pain for more than 6 months in 3 papers among 4 papers. 6) In surveying the treatment, 66 to 88% of patients had conservative treatment and there were treatments of general hospital, oriental medicine, self remedy and traditional practice in conservative treatment. 7) In job distribution, 12 to 50% of them were housekeepers, 23 to 31% office workers, 4.6 to 36% blue color workers and 11 to 15% students. 2. As psychological character lower back pain paients had anxiety, depression, anger-hostility, phobic anxiety, neurasthenia, hypochondriasis, and interpersonal sensitivity. 3. To distinguish the cause of lower back pain, plain lumbar roentgenogram, straight leg rasing test, eletromyelogic findings, somatosensory evoked potentials CT and MRI were performed. 4. To relieve lower back pain, epidural adhesiolysis, epidulal injection of local anesthetic in mixture with steroid, lumbar spinal root block, low level laser therapy, acupuncture like transcutaneous nerve stimulation(ALTENS), topical capsaicin and lumbar orthotics were used in medical field, and relaxation technique was used in nursing field. 5. Mckenzie's extension exercise and William's flexsion exercise for lower back pain were used in medical field and Yoga exercise was applied in nursing field. 6. The more school education and self efficacy were high, the better they had active coping lower back pain positively and the less self efficacy was the more they had serious pain. As a result of studying the paper there have been very little research for lower back pain in nursing fields of Korea and foreign countries. Because 60 to 80% of population expeience lower back pain at least more than once, it is necessary to develop the study and clinical practice for management of lower back pain.